Temporal water insecurity caused by droughts and floods disrupts agricultural productivity.

• Integrated planning of water, energy, food, and ecosystems.
  Incentivize carbon farming.
• Use of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and solar microgrids for year-round water supply.
• Empowerment of women and vulnerable groups through new value chains (e.g., Acacia products, groundnuts).

  • Mitigation: Soil carbon storage via managed grazing and grassland regeneration.
  • Adaptation: Groundwater recharge and flood mitigation.
  • Biodiversity: Promoted through diverse agroforestry systems.