Frequent wildfires due to extreme heat and droughts threaten ecosystems and livelihoods, especially cork oak forests.

• Integrated planning of water, energy, food, and ecosystems.

   -Incentivise farmers to diversify into non-wood products and use of carbon farming.
• Protect oak trees as natural fire barriers.
• Use of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and solar microgrids for year-round water supply.

• Reuse municipal wastewater for irrigation using nature-based solutions (NBS).

• Mitigation: Soil carbon storage via managed grazing and grassland regeneration, forest fire prevention through species diversification and increased water content.
• Adaptation: Alternative irrigation sources via water reuse.
• Biodiversity: Enhanced through mixed tree, shrub, and grassland systems.